Війна і мир

Chapter 9

           

           Thebetterweareacquaintedwiththephysiological,psychological,andhistoricallawsdeducedbyobservationandbywhichmaniscontrolled,andthemorecorrectlyweperceivethephysiological,psychological,andhistoricalcausesoftheaction,andthesimplertheactionweareobservingandthelesscomplexthecharacterandmindofthemaninquestion,themoresubjecttoinevitabilityandthelessfreedoouractionsandthoseofothersappear.

           Whenwedonotatallunderstandthecauseofanaction,whetheracrime,agoodaction,orevenonethatissimplynonmoral,weascribeagreateramountoffreedomtoit.Inthecaseofacrimewemosturgentlydemandthepunishmentforsuchanact;inthecaseofavirtuousactwerateitsmeritmosthighly.Inanindifferentcasewerecognizeinitmoreindividuality,originality,andindependence.Butifevenoneoftheinnumerablecausesoftheactisknowntouswerecognizeacertainelementofnecessityandarelessinsistentonpunishmentforthecrime,ortheacknowledgmentofthemeritofthevirtuousact,orthefreedomoftheapparentlyoriginalaction.Thatacriminalwasrearedamongmalefactorsmitigateshisfaultinoureyes.Theself-sacrificeofafatherormother,orself-sacrificewiththepossibilityofareward,ismorecomprehensiblethangratuitousself-sacrifice,andthereforeseemslessdeservingofsympathyandlesstheresultoffreewill.Thefounderofasectorparty,oraninventor,impressesuslesswhenweknowhoworbywhatthewaywaspreparedforhisactivity

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