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Chapter 9

           Ifwehavealargerangeofexamples,ifourobservationisconstantlydirectedtoseekingthecorrelationofcauseandeffectinpeople’sactions,theiractionsappeartousmoreundercompulsionandlessfreethemorecorrectlyweconnecttheeffectswiththecauses.Ifweexaminedsimpleactionsandhadavastnumberofsuchactionsunderobservation,ourconceptionoftheirinevitabilitywouldbestillgreater.Thedishonestconductofthesonofadishonestfather,themisconductofawomanwhohadfallenintobadcompany,adrunkard’srelapseintodrunkenness,andsoonareactionsthatseemtouslessfreethebetterweunderstandtheircause.Ifthemanwhoseactionsweareconsideringisonaverylowstageofmentaldevelopment,likeachild,amadman,orasimpleton—then,knowingthecausesoftheactandthesimplicityofthecharacterandintelligenceinquestion,weseesolargeanelementofnecessityandsolittlefreewillthatassoonasweknowthecausepromptingtheactionwecanforetelltheresult.

           Onthesethreeconsiderationsaloneisbasedtheconceptionofirresponsibilityforcrimesandtheextenuatingcircumstancesadmittedbyalllegislativecodes.Theresponsibilityappearsgreaterorlessaccordingtoourgreaterorlesserknowledgeofthecircumstancesinwhichthemanwasplacedwhoseactionisbeingjudged,andaccordingtothegreaterorlesserintervaloftimebetweenthecommissionoftheactionanditsinvestigation,andaccordingtothegreaterorlesserunderstandingofthecausesthatledtotheaction.

           

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