Chapter 3

           

           Alocomotiveismoving.Someoneasks:“Whatmovesit?”Apeasantsaysthedevilmovesit.Anothermansaysthelocomotivemovesbecauseitswheelsgoround.Athirdassertsthatthecauseofitsmovementliesinthesmokewhichthewindcarriesaway.

           Thepeasantisirrefutable.Hehasdevisedacompleteexplanation.Torefutehimsomeonewouldhavetoprovetohimthatthereisnodevil,oranotherpeasantwouldhavetoexplaintohimthatitisnotthedevilbutaGerman,whomovesthelocomotive.Onlythen,asaresultofthecontradiction,willtheyseethattheyarebothwrong.Butthemanwhosaysthatthemovementofthewheelsisthecauserefuteshimself,forhavingoncebeguntoanalyzeheoughttogoonandexplainfurtherwhythewheelsgoround;andtillhehasreachedtheultimatecauseofthemovementofthelocomotiveinthepressureofsteamintheboiler,hehasnorighttostopinhissearchforthecause.Themanwhoexplainsthemovementofthelocomotivebythesmokethatiscarriedbackhasnoticedthatthewheelsdonotsupplyanexplanationandhastakenthefirstsignthatoccurstohimandinhisturnhasofferedthatasanexplanation.

           Theonlyconceptionthatcanexplainthemovementofthelocomotiveisthatofaforcecommensuratewiththemovementobserved.

           Theonlyconceptionthatcanexplainthemovementofthepeoplesisthatofsomeforcecommensuratewiththewholemovementofthepeoples.

           Yettosupplythisconceptionvarioushistorianstakeforcesofdifferentkinds,allofwhichareincommensuratewiththemovementobserved.

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