Війна і мир

Chapter 9

           

           Inhistorywefindaverysimilarprogressofconvictionconcerningthepartplayedbyfreewillinthegeneralaffairsofhumanity.Acontemporaryeventseemstoustobeindubitablythedoingofalltheknownparticipants,butwithamoreremoteeventwealreadyseeitsinevitableresultswhichpreventourconsideringanythingelsepossible.Andthefartherwegobackinexaminingeventsthelessarbitrarydotheyappear.

           TheAustro-PrussianwarappearstousundoubtedlytheresultofthecraftyconductofBismarck,andsoon.TheNapoleonicwarsstillseemtous,thoughalreadyquestionably,tobetheoutcomeoftheirheroes’will.ButintheCrusadeswealreadyseeaneventoccupyingitsdefiniteplaceinhistoryandwithoutwhichwecannotimaginethemodernhistoryofEurope,thoughtothechroniclersoftheCrusadesthateventappearedasmerelyduetothewillofcertainpeople.Inregardtothemigrationofthepeoplesitdoesnotenteranyone’sheadtodaytosupposethattherenovationoftheEuropeanworlddependedonAttila’scaprice.Thefartherbackinhistorytheobjectofourobservationlies,themoredoubtfuldoesthefreewillofthoseconcernedintheeventbecomeandthemoremanifestthelawofinevitability.

           Thethirdconsiderationisthedegreetowhichweapprehendthatendlesschainofcausationinevitablydemandedbyreason,inwhicheachphenomenoncomprehended,andthereforeman’severyaction,musthaveitsdefiniteplaceasaresultofwhathasgonebeforeandasacauseofwhatwillfollow.

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