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Chapter 10

           Myactionseemstomefree;butaskingmyselfwhetherIcouldraisemyarmineverydirection,IseethatIraiseditinthedirectioninwhichtherewasleastobstructiontothatactioneitherfromthingsaroundmeorfromtheconstructionofmyownbody.Ichoseoneoutofallthepossibledirectionsbecauseinittherewerefewestobstacles.Formyactiontobefreeitwasnecessarythatitshouldencounternoobstacles.Toconceiveofamanbeingfreewemustimaginehimoutsidespace,whichisevidentlyimpossible.

           (2)Howevermuchweapproximatethetimeofjudgmenttothetimeofthedeed,wenevergetaconceptionoffreedomintime.ForifIexamineanactioncommittedasecondagoImuststillrecognizeitasnotbeingfree,foritisirrevocablylinkedtothemomentatwhichitwascommitted.CanIliftmyarm?Iliftit,butaskmyself:couldIhaveabstainedfromliftingmyarmatthemomentthathasalreadypassed?ToconvincemyselfofthisIdonotliftitthenextmoment.ButIamnotnowabstainingfromdoingsoatthefirstmomentwhenIaskedthequestion.TimehasgonebywhichIcouldnotdetain,thearmIthenliftedisnolongerthesameasthearmInowrefrainfromlifting,noristheairinwhichIlifteditthesamethatnowsurroundsme.Themomentinwhichthefirstmovementwasmadeisirrevocable,andatthatmomentIcouldmakeonlyonemovement,andwhatevermovementImadewouldbetheonlyone.ThatIdidnotliftmyarmamomentlaterdoesnotprovethatIcouldhaveabstainedfromliftingitthen.

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