Війна і мир

Chapter 1

           InsteadoftheformerdivinelyappointedaimsoftheJewish,Greek,orRomannations,whichancienthistoriansregardedasrepresentingtheprogressofhumanity,modernhistoryhaspostulateditsownaims—thewelfareoftheFrench,German,orEnglishpeople,or,initshighestabstraction,thewelfareandcivilizationofhumanityingeneral,bywhichisusuallymeantthatofthepeoplesoccupyingasmallnorthwesterlyportionofalargecontinent.

           Modernhistoryhasrejectedthebeliefsoftheancientswithoutreplacingthembyanewconception,andthelogicofthesituationhasobligedthehistorians,aftertheyhadapparentlyrejectedthedivineauthorityofthekingsandthe“fate”oftheancients,toreachthesameconclusionbyanotherroad,thatis,torecognize(1)nationsguidedbyindividualmen,and(2)theexistenceofaknownaimtowhichthesenationsandhumanityatlargearetending.

           AtthebasisoftheworksofallthemodernhistoriansfromGibbontoBuckle,despitetheirseemingdisagreementsandtheapparentnoveltyoftheiroutlooks,liethosetwoold,unavoidableassumptions.

           Inthefirstplacethehistoriandescribestheactivityofindividualswhoinhisopinionhavedirectedhumanity(onehistorianconsidersonlymonarchs,generals,andministersasbeingsuchmen,whileanotherincludesalsoorators,learnedmen,reformers,philosophers,andpoets).

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