Війна і мир

Chapter 1

           

           Whatdothesereproachesmean?

           DonottheveryactionsforwhichthehistorianspraiseAlexanderI(theliberalattemptsatthebeginningofhisreign,hisstrugglewithNapoleon,thefirmnesshedisplayedin1812andthecampaignof1813)flowfromthesamesources—thecircumstancesofhisbirth,education,andlife—thatmadehispersonalitywhatitwasandfromwhichtheactionsforwhichtheyblamehim(theHolyAlliance,therestorationofPoland,andthereactionof1820andlater)alsoflowed?

           Inwhatdoesthesubstanceofthosereproacheslie?

           ItliesinthefactthatanhistoriccharacterlikeAlexanderI,standingonthehighestpossiblepinnacleofhumanpowerwiththeblindinglightofhistoryfocuseduponhim;acharacterexposedtothosestrongestofallinfluences:theintrigues,flattery,andself-deceptioninseparablefrompower;acharacterwhoateverymomentofhislifefeltaresponsibilityforallthatwashappeninginEurope;andnotafictitiousbutalivecharacterwholikeeverymanhadhispersonalhabits,passions,andimpulsestowardgoodness,beauty,andtruth—thatthischaracter—thoughnotlackinginvirtue(thehistoriansdonotaccusehimofthat)—hadnotthesameconceptionofthewelfareofhumanityfiftyyearsagoasapresent-dayprofessorwhofromhisyouthupwardshasbeenoccupiedwithlearning:thatis,withbooksandlecturesandwithtakingnotesfromthem.

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