Війна і мир

Chapter 9

           

           Asinkingmanwhoclutchesatanotheranddrownshim;orahungrymotherexhaustedbyfeedingherbaby,whostealssomefood;oramantrainedtodisciplinewhoondutyatthewordofcommandkillsadefenselessman—seemlessguilty,thatis,lessfreeandmoresubjecttothelawofnecessity,toonewhoknowsthecircumstancesinwhichthesepeoplewereplaced,andmorefreetoonewhodoesnotknowthatthemanwashimselfdrowning,thatthemotherwashungry,thatthesoldierwasintheranks,andsoon.Similarlyamanwhocommittedamurdertwentyyearsagoandhassincelivedpeaceablyandharmlesslyinsocietyseemslessguiltyandhisactionmoreduetothelawofinevitability,tosomeonewhoconsidershisactionaftertwentyyearshaveelapsedthantoonewhoexamineditthedayafteritwascommitted.Andinthesamewayeveryactionofaninsane,intoxicated,orhighlyexcitedmanappearslessfreeandmoreinevitabletoonewhoknowsthementalconditionofhimwhocommittedtheaction,andseemsmorefreeandlessinevitabletoonewhodoesnotknowit.Inallthesecasestheconceptionoffreedomisincreasedordiminishedandtheconceptionofcompulsioniscorrespondinglydecreasedorincreased,accordingtothepointofviewfromwhichtheactionisregarded.Sothatthegreatertheconceptionofnecessitythesmallertheconceptionoffreedomandviceversa.

           Religion,thecommonsenseofmankind,thescienceofjurisprudence,andhistoryitselfunderstandalikethisrelationbetweennecessityandfreedom.

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