Війна і мир

Chapter 8

           Theysaythis,notatallsuspectingthatthousandsofyearsagothatsamelawofnecessitywhichwithsuchardortheyarenowtryingtoprovebyphysiologyandcomparativezoologywasnotmerelyacknowledgedbyallthereligionsandallthethinkers,buthasneverbeendenied.Theydonotseethattheroleofthenaturalsciencesinthismatterismerelytoserveasaninstrumentfortheilluminationofonesideofit.Forthefactthat,fromthepointofviewofobservation,reasonandthewillaremerelysecretionsofthebrain,andthatmanfollowingthegenerallawmayhavedevelopedfromloweranimalsatsomeunknownperiodoftime,onlyexplainsfromafreshsidethetruthadmittedthousandsofyearsagobyallthereligiousandphilosophictheories—thatfromthepointofviewofreasonmanissubjecttothelawofnecessity;butitdoesnotadvancebyahair’sbreadththesolutionofthequestion,whichhasanother,opposite,side,basedontheconsciousnessoffreedom.

           Ifmendescendedfromtheapesatanunknownperiodoftime,thatisascomprehensibleasthattheyweremadefromahandfulofearthatacertainperiodoftime(inthefirstcasetheunknownquantityisthetime,inthesecondcaseitistheorigin);andthequestionofhowman’sconsciousnessoffreedomistobereconciledwiththelawofnecessitytowhichheissubjectcannotbesolvedbycomparativephysiologyandzoology,forinafrog,arabbit,oranape,wecanobserveonlythemuscularnervousactivity,butinmanweobserveconsciousnessaswellasthemuscularandnervousactivity

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