Война и мир

Chapter 2

           Theydonotrecognizeitasapowerinherentinheroesandrulers,butastheresultantofamultiplicityofvariouslydirectedforces.Indescribingawarorthesubjugationofapeople,ageneralhistorianlooksforthecauseoftheeventnotinthepowerofoneman,butintheinteractionofmanypersonsconnectedwiththeevent.

           Accordingtothisviewthepowerofhistoricalpersonages,representedastheproductofmanyforces,cannolonger,itwouldseem,beregardedasaforcethatitselfproducesevents.Yetinmostcasesuniversalhistoriansstillemploytheconceptionofpowerasaforcethatitselfproducesevents,andtreatitastheircause.Intheirexposition,anhistoriccharacterisfirsttheproductofhistime,andhispoweronlytheresultantofvariousforces,andthenhispowerisitselfaforceproducingevents.Gervinus,Schlosser,andothers,forinstance,atonetimeproveNapoleontobeaproductoftheRevolution,oftheideasof1789andsoforth,andatanotherplainlysaythatthecampaignof1812andotherthingstheydonotlikeweresimplytheproductofNapoleon’smisdirectedwill,andthattheveryideasof1789werearrestedintheirdevelopmentbyNapoleon’scaprice.TheideasoftheRevolutionandthegeneraltemperoftheageproducedNapoleon’spower.ButNapoleon’spowersuppressedtheideasoftheRevolutionandthegeneraltemperoftheage.

           Thiscuriouscontradictionisnotaccidental.Notonlydoesitoccurateverystep,buttheuniversalhistorians’accountsareallmadeupofachainofsuchcontradictions.

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